Banking and the political situation in Bahrain Essay

Banking and the political situation in Bahrain - Essay Example The rising issue of increased political pressure and financial crisis are affecting the business operations of financial sector of Bahrain (Shachmurove, 2003). Bahrain is also observed to be the largest financial centre among the ‘Gulf Cooperation Council’ (GCC). The GCC countries are majorly dependent on oil exports on a fixed exchange rate. In the GCC region, the banking sector is considered to be the main dominating player in financial terms. In this respect, the Islamic banks are perceived to be growing in an immense manner and are determined to be the ultimate foundation for financial transactions amid the gulf countries. The banking sector of Bahrain is recognised to be accountable to be the major contributor of ‘Gross Domestic Products (GDP) growth. Bahrain is identified to be acquiring around 80% of the GDP in relation to investment funds. The main objective of Bahrain is to obtain the leading position as a financial hub (INSEAD, 2011; Al-Hassan & et. al., 2010). BNP Paribas is recognised as among the leading banking institutions which is one of the leading financial service providers in the European regions. The bank is identified to be present in around 80 countries. Moreover, the bank employs about 200,000 individuals on a global context. BNP offers three major services which include retail banking, ‘corporate and investment banking’ as well as investment solutions (Bahrain Economic Development Board, 2008). Al Salam Bank-Bahrain (B.S.C) began its business operations in the year 2006 and the bank is located in Bahrain. It is observed to be performing business operations in a differentiation manner for acquiring huge capital and proficient as well as experienced management team. The bank adopts standards and principles which are recognised at international level for its transparency as well as integrity (Al Salam Bank Bahrain, 2012). Topic to Be Addressed The subject of the proposed research study is to determine the im pact of adverse political and financial conditions on the banking sector in Bahrain. Moreover, the proposed research study will assist in ascertaining the importance of stable political conditions for businesses to perform their operations effectively. Project Background In Bahrain, BNP Paribas is recognised to be the principal foreign bank. The bank has established two offices in Dubai with the objective of defending itself from unstable political scenarios and financial crisis. The proposed research study will be based on the analysing the factors which are seemingly affecting the operations as well as competitiveness of the banking sector in Bahrain. In this regard, the impact of unstable political situations and financial crisis of the banking sector of Bahrain will be studied in order to improve their situations. Justification of the Topic Chosen In relation to the present day context, it has been observed that the political condition of a country is significantly affecting the economic as well as business environment. Moreover, there are other specific external factors which are demonstrated to be impacting a country’s political and economic conditions both positively as well as negatively. In this regard, the major problem which has been recognised in this proposed study is changes in the political conditions affecting the financial sector in Bahrain. This problem is also identified to be hampering the competitiveness of its financial sector on a global context. Research Question On the basis of identification of the research problem, the

The Taming of the Shrew By William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

The Taming of the Shrew By William Shakespeare Essay The sisters, Katherina and Bianca, are the principal subjects providing the main contrast in the play, The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare. Katherina is the fire-breathing, man-eating, despised, older sister of Bianca, the pleasant, beautiful, younger sister, adored by all. When she first enters the play, Katherina appears to be a very unhappy, volatile young woman. We are told that she scares men when Gremio and Hortensio proceed to tell us: Shes too rough for me; No mates for you, unless you were of gentler, milder mould; From all such devils good Lord deliver us! . This suggests that she is so aggressive that she puts off men, however good her looks may be. It is also apparent when she answers to comments like these that she is hot-blooded: To comb your noddle with a three legged stool and paint your face and use you like a fool. Bianca on the other hand, appears to be the perfect woman. It is as if she lightens up rooms with her dazzling presence. All men adore her and never say a bad word against her. When she first speaks in the play, her words are peaceful and loving: Sister, content you in my discontent, attempting to calm her sisters fiery mood. Their father thinks very highly of her and this is shown when she is asked to enter the room with Gremio and Hortensio: Bianca get you in, and let it not displease thee, good Bianca for I will love thee neer the less, my girl. Bianca has also much better relationships with other men as they all adore her beautiful looks and perfect ways. Most importantly however, is the relationship between Katherina and Bianca themselves. During Act 1 Sc 2, we see Katherina and Bianca enter fighting and arguing. Bianca also has her hands tied behind her back suggesting that Katherina is the more powerful of the two sisters. Also we see that Bianca is not violent at all as during their argument she does not try to throw a kick or have any violent outburst (she appears to have the level head): Or what you will command me will I do, meaning that Bianca will do whatever her sister will ask of her. Although she is upset by this outburst of her sister, she keeps the voice of reason, always negotiating. When Katherina meets Petruchio, her attitude towards remains stays much the same as her attitude to all people, always arguing and fighting and she can not stand the thought of getting married to a person who treats her in the same way that she herself treats others. If I be waspish, beware my sting, this shows how much Katherina is against the idea of marrying Petruchio as she is threatening him to be cautious of her. Bianca, however, has completely the opposite attitude (yet again) towards getting married. She seems much more likely to enjoy a happy marriage and looks forward to the idea of settling down with a husband, whereas Katherina seems to despise the idea. Bianca is also much more intimate with her secret lover Lucentio. They spend a lot more time together talking whereas Katherina and Petruchio are either arguing or not together at all, as they do not share a very intimate affair. The sisters, Katherina and Bianca, are the principal subjects providing the main contrast in the play, The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare. Katherina is the fire-breathing, man-eating, despised, older sister of Bianca, the pleasant, beautiful, younger sister, adored by all. When she first enters the play, Katherina appears to be a very unhappy, volatile young woman. We are told that she scares men when Gremio and Hortensio proceed to tell us: Shes too rough for me; No mates for you, unless you were of gentler, milder mould; From all such devils good Lord deliver us! . This suggests that she is so aggressive that she puts off men, however good her looks may be. It is also apparent when she answers to comments like these that she is hot-blooded: To comb your noddle with a three legged stool and paint your face and use you like a fool. Bianca on the other hand, appears to be the perfect woman. It is as if she lightens up rooms with her dazzling presence. All men adore her and never say a bad word against her. When she first speaks in the play, her words are peaceful and loving: Sister, content you in my discontent, attempting to calm her sisters fiery mood. Their father thinks very highly of her and this is shown when she is asked to enter the room with Gremio and Hortensio: Bianca get you in, and let it not displease thee, good Bianca for I will love thee neer the less, my girl. Bianca has also much better relationships with other men as they all adore her beautiful looks and perfect ways. Most importantly however, is the relationship between Katherina and Bianca themselves. During Act 1 Sc 2, we see Katherina and Bianca enter fighting and arguing. Bianca also has her hands tied behind her back suggesting that Katherina is the more powerful of the two sisters. Also we see that Bianca is not violent at all as during their argument she does not try to throw a kick or have any violent outburst (she appears to have the level head): Or what you will command me will I do, meaning that Bianca will do whatever her sister will ask of her. Although she is upset by this outburst of her sister, she keeps the voice of reason, always negotiating. When Katherina meets Petruchio, her attitude towards remains stays much the same as her attitude to all people, always arguing and fighting and she can not stand the thought of getting married to a person who treats her in the same way that she herself treats others. If I be waspish, beware my sting, this shows how much Katherina is against the idea of marrying Petruchio as she is threatening him to be cautious of her. Bianca, however, has completely the opposite attitude (yet again) towards getting married. She seems much more likely to enjoy a happy marriage and looks forward to the idea of settling down with a husband, whereas Katherina seems to despise the idea. Bianca is also much more intimate with her secret lover Lucentio. They spend a lot more time together talking whereas Katherina and Petruchio are either arguing or not together at all, as they do not share a very intimate affair.

Career Choice :: essays research papers

Choosing a career is one of the most important decisions a person has to make in their life. It is so important because that is what we will have to do to support ourselves throughout life. Imagine being stuck in a dead end job and having to go to work every morning and dreading it. That is no spending oneÕs time and life is too short to work 35 years and be unhappy with it. If a person likes the job they do then it is not work, because finding satisfaction out of a job can bring great happiness. That information has enabled me to make the decision of choosing my area of study and career in the field of Information Technology. Many things have lead up to my decision to choose a career in Information Systems. It started at my first semester at my local community college. I was enrolled in their graphic design program and most of the classes I was taking consisted of art classes. My first computer class was working in Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop. They are graphic programs that many graphic designerÕs use to make their design work. While working with these programs I was very intrigued by the power of computers and how they work. While going to school at the local community college I soon got a job at CitiMortgage working at the computer help desk. I was learning more about computers and networking which helped lead to my decision to change my degree of study to information systems. Along with my change of interest and working for a company that helps pay for my school I was looking for a better college to attend and that had a program that would fit my needs. I soon became aware of Maryville University and the weekend and evening college program that they offered.

Correlation of Climate Change to Tourism Industry

Topic: Correlation of Climate change to Tourism Industry What are the impacts of climate change to Tourism Industry? How to market tourism industry by protecting the tourism industry/destination against climate change? Tourism Industry is one of the sources of our economic growth. However, the condition of climate is a very important factor in the tourism industry of a country. Climate has changed tremendously over the last few decades mostly due to pollution, greenhouse gases and depletion of the ozone layer that protects the earth.There are sector affecting the climatic condition, primarily worldwide concern of transportation. Climate change is an urgent issue that can affect the tourism industry in the future. Climate change also has an influence on the environmental condition of a tourist destination. Tourism destination is mostly linked in the natural environment and it is the most critical attractions for tourism. This Climate change can destroy our tourism destinations and the future tourism site which can affect the economic condition of a country. There are many tourism destinations, attractions that are already extinct because of climate change.It is important to know the correlation of climate change to the tourism industry for us to know the effects of it not only to our tourism destinations but also to our economy. Understanding the correlation of climate change in tourism industry is quite difficult. Tourism industry will grow but the patterns of travel will continuously change and some destinations will be negatively affected by these changes. It is to the interest of the researches to know the effects of climate change to the tourism industry to decisive possible techniques to market the tourism industry despite of climate change.

Active and Passive Sentences

Your little boy broke my kitchen window this morning. My kitchen window was broken by your little boy. In the first sentence, the person who did the action (your little boy) is the subject, and comes first; then we say what he did (with the verb, broke) and what he did to (the object, my kitchen window). In the second sentence, the opposite happens: we start by talking about my kitchen window (the object of the first the sentence has become the subject of the second); then we say what was done to it, and who this was done by.The first kind of sentence, and the kind of verb-form used In It, are called ‘active'. The second kind of sentence, and the kind of verb-form used, are called ‘passive'. This difference in the verb conjugation is called one of Voice', different from those of tense, aspect and mood. Examples of Active and Passive Voice Active voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb. In passive voice sentences, the subject is acted upon by the verb.Sentences in Active and Passive Voice Here are examples of sentences written In both the active voice and the assive voice, with the active voice sentence appearing first: Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. (active) At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry. (passive) Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah. (active) The savannah is roamed by beautiful giraffes. (passive) Sue changed the flat tire. (active) The flat tire was changed by Sue. (passive) We are going to watch a movie tonight. (active) A movie is going to be watched by us tonight. (passive) I ran the obstacle course In record time. active) The obstacle course was run by me in record time. (passive) The crew paved the entire stretch of highway. (active) The entire stretch of highway was paved by the crew.

Toy Analyst

Toy Analyst Vasquez PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 1Zenaida VasquezProf. KortizkePsych 41 Sec. 1048September 17, 2014Lego ToyPlay is very important to a child's development because it is how they can see and explore their world. Through it, they can develop the skills that they need when they grow up. Also, with adequate play, the cardiovascular fitness is developed as well as the sense of morality (Goldstein, 2003).Lego is one of the most popular toys in the world. Some adults do not outgrow this toy mainly because it is very amusing that makes them collect the limited variants. Although the physical development of the child is minimal. Addressed by this toy it still has considerable contributions because their eyes, arms and hands are the main tools used in playing; their fine motor skills become developed. They also learn to stand up, climb and gain balance because they cannot be still when reaching for Lego pieces.baby while making his first stepsThe socio-emotional development of a child is also deve loped when they play Lego because the toy allows them to become socially active in a way that they start to communicate with other children. When they need assistance afterwards, when the figure they are trying to make is finished, they feel happy, and a sense of achievement becomes present. This in turn develops friendship because they may look forward playing with the same children because they felt happy doing the activity with them.The cognitive development of a child is the most addressed developmental stage by this toy. Playing blocks is beyond playing per se because the problem-solving and cause-effect relationship capacity of a child is observed to increase in this activity (Akgun, 2014). The reason is that, for a child to be able to build something from nothing entails utilization of common...

Rocky Soccer Academy Essay Example

Rocky Soccer Academy Essay Example Rocky Soccer Academy Essay Rocky Soccer Academy Essay Karl Henning came to the United States from the U. K. in 2000 on a soccer scholarship. Karl grew up playing soccer on many competitive teams through high school and had a brief profession career in England. When St. Albans College recruited him to play soccer, he thought it would open his life to a grand adventure. That adventure changed his life. While at St. Albans, Henning met his future wife, Dawn Jacobs, how also played soccer there. She graduated a year ahead of him and went to Fort Collins, Colorado, where she played on the semiprofessional Fort Collins Force women’s soccer team. When Henning finished college, he followed Jacobs to northern Colorado. Jacobs was captain of the Force and worked for the sports marketing company that owned the team. Henning got a job at local meat packing plant, but soccer was his passion. He mad the practice squad for the Colorado Rapids Major League Soccer team, but injuries cut his professional career short. Another passion for Henning became teaching soccer to kids. He has a natural talent for coaching. Henning is charismatic, kids enjoy his easy-going demeanor and British accent and he really knows soccer and how to teach the game to youngsters. In 2006, Henning founded the Rocky Soccer Academy- attribute to the proximity of the Rocky Mountains. At first he trained small groups of young players aged 7 to 14. He grouped them by age, gender and skill and conducted training sessions for small groups of five to seven at a local park. The first kids he attracted came by word of mouth as they quickly told friends and teammates about â€Å" this British guy who teaches soccer and make it fun†. His small after-school camps quickly grew to include more than 50 kids. Word continued to get around, and by the following summer Henning conducted 10 different camps and quit his job at the meat packing plant. He also trained 11 different Rocky 3v3 soccer teams that competed in tournaments across the state and nation during the Rocky name across the front and the success of these teams made the jerseys a great promotion vehicle. In 2008 four of his teams competed in the national 3v3 soccer tournament, with one winning a national championship. To keep up with the rapid growth, Henning brought a few friends over from England to assist with training. Will Bowman moved to the United States to become Henning’s assistant director of coaching. Henning and Bowman planned to work year-round as trainers and hire s couple of local coaches to help them conduct training sessions. During the summer he added a couple of local college soccer players and a few former team mates from England. The summer seasons works nice for his British mates because that is the off season for those still playing professionally. Henning is confident he can hire and train more coaches if he needs them to handle future growth. Youth soccer is big in Colorado and cross much of the United States. It is the largest participation sport for kids. Fort Collins is a soccer hotbed and this has helped Henning’s business grow. He now trains about 600 kids per year. But he has greater ambitions. For example he would like to build a training facility, the space he currently rents is not always well-suited to soccer. However he figures he would needs to double his business to justify the cost of the soccer complex he wants to build. So he is now wondering how to grow his business. About 90 percent of his current customers live in Fort Collins, which has a population of about 110 000 people. Henning believes awareness of his program is close to 100 percent among competitive soccer players ages 11 – 14 and is probably at about 40 percent among families with soccer playing kids ages 6 to 10. most of his customers are 10 to 13 years old and enroll in two to three Rocky programs per year. He has also run a few camps in Boulder and Northglenn, which are about 50 miles from Fort Collins. These have been successful but are currently limited. There are several small cities within 25miles of Fort Collins. Loveland a city of about 60 000 borders Fort Collins on the year. Greeley and Longmont each with about 80 000 people, are about 25 miles away by interstate highway. These areas have very limited soccer training programs except for their competitive term and awareness of Rocky is not very high. Those who have heard of his academy are often not very familiar with its philosophy and programs. Henning is not sure if parents in these communities would be wiling to drive their kids to Fort Collins for training. If not, he would have to run his programs there. Henning knows that he wants to grow his business, but wonders how he can accomplish his goal. He currently sees a few options: 1. His current customer retention rate is pretty high about 80%. However when the kids reach 14 or 15 years old, other high school sports and activities make them less interested in extra soccer training. One option is to try to increase retention by developing programs targeted at kids over 14. 2. Another option is to develop a marketing strategy that would encourage his current customers to buy more. He wonders if they have other needs that he might be able to serve. 3. Henning could try to grow the business by entering new markets and acquiring new customers. His markets penetration with kids 6 to 9 years old is still quite modest. He might develop new programs to better meet this groups needs. 4. Another new market option would be to serve more kids from Loveland, Longmont and Greeley. Evaluated Hennings different options for growing Rocky customer equity. Develop a set of marketing strategy ideas for each of the options. What could Henning do for market research to better assess his options? Please do solution for gender wage discrimination. In 2-3 pages.

Kentucky Vital Records - Marriage, Death Births

Kentucky Vital Records - Marriage, Death Births Learn how and where to obtain birth, marriage, and death certificates and records in Kentucky, including the dates for which Kentucky vital records are available, where they are located, and links to online Kentucky vital records databases. Kentucky Vital Records: Kentucky Department for Public HealthOffice of Vital Statistics275 East Main Street - IE-AFrankfort, KY 40621Phone: (502) 564-4212Fax: (502) 227-0032 What You Need to Know:Personal check or money order should be made payable to Kentucky State Treasurer. Call or visit the Web site to verify current fees. All requests MUST include the signature and a photocopy of a valid photo ID of the individual requesting the record. Web site: Kentucky Office of Vital Statistics Kentucky Birth Records Dates: From 1911 (statewide); selected counties from 1852 Cost of copy: $10.00 Comments: Access to birth records in Kentucky is not restricted by law.  With your request, include as much as you can of the following: the name on the birth record being requested, date of birth, place of birth (city or county), fathers full name, (last, first, middle), mothers full name, including her maiden name, your relationship to the person whose certificate is being requested, your daytime telephone number with area code, your handwritten signature and complete return mailing address.Application for Kentucky Birth Certificate * The Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives has birth records for the cities of Louisville, Lexington, Covington and Newport, which enacted records collection ordinances before 1911. KDLA also has selected birth records (statewide coverage) covering the years 1852-1862, 1874-1879 and 1891-1910. Consult their website for a list of available birth records by county. Online:Kentucky Vital Records: 1852–1914 is a collection of free, digitized microfilm images on FamilySearch; includes birth records from the 1908–1910 range for many KY countiesKentucky Birth Records, 1847–1911 includes indexes and images (requires subscription to Ancestry.com) Kentucky Death Records Dates: From 1911 (statewide); selected counties from 1852 Cost of copy: $6.00 Comments: Access to death records in Kentucky is not restricted by law.  With your request, include as much as you can of the following: the name on the death record being requested, date of death, place of death (city or county), your relationship to the person whose certificate is being requested, your purpose for needing the copy, your daytime telephone number with area code, your handwritten signature and complete return mailing address. For deaths occurring from 1900 to 1917, the city and/or county of death is required in order to locate the record.Application for Kentucky Death Certificate * The Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives has death records for the cities of Louisville, Lexington, Covington and Newport, which enacted records collection ordinances before 1911. KDLA also has selected death records (statewide coverage) covering the years 1852-1862, 1874-1879 and 1891-1910. Consult their Web site for a list of available death records by county. Online:Kentucky Death Index 1911-1992 (free)Kentucky Death Certificates and Records 1852-1953 including digitized Kentucky death certificates from 1911-1953 (requires subscription to Ancestry.com) Kentucky Marriage Records Dates: From June 1958 (statewide), but many go back to early 1800s Cost of Copy: $6.00 Comments:  The Kentucky Office of Vital Statistics does not have records of marriages prior to 1958. Copies of marriage certificates prior to June 1958 may be obtained from the county clerk in the county where the license was issued. Send your request to the Clerk of Court in the county where the marriage license was issued.Application for Kentucky Marriage Certificate Online:Kentucky Marriage Index 1973-1993 (free)    Kentucky Divorce Records Dates: Varies by county Cost of copy: Varies Comments: The Kentucky Office of Vital Statistics does not have records of divorces prior to 1958. Records of divorce proceedings prior to June 1958 are available from the clerk of the circuit court that granted the decree. Online:Kentucky Divorce Index 1973-1993 (free) More US Vital Records - Choose a State

Woman Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Woman Studies - Essay Example campaigns have the title ‘Violence Against Women’ (Roces and Edwards 15) and are based on two different strategies: a) the promotion of laws for eliminating violence against women, and b) the increase of the public awareness in regard to violence against women (Roces and Edwards 15). The above campaigns are based on the rules of liberal feminism. As for radical feminism, the specific movement is mostly promoted through independent institutions. The National Black Feminist Organization (1973) is an example. It should be noted that the specific groups have been quite popular among African women who considered these groups as the only means for supporting their rights. Many efforts have been developed worldwide for securing the participation of women in leading positions, either in politics or in business. However, these efforts have faced many barriers. The key reason is that the ability of women to respond to the demands of such roles is often doubted. In practice, it has been proved that ‘only in societies where egalitarian practices are highly promoted, women are likely to have equal opportunities with men’ (Doh and Stumpf 362). In other words, simply increasing women’s participation cannot set the basis for an egalitarian future. Such future can be guaranteed only in societies where equality between men and women is clear in all social and economic activities. In 1995 a critical event for global women’s activism occurred: the Beijing Conference. The United Nations arranged this conference for discussing women’s rights (Ledwith 117). The level of participation has been impressive: about 30,000 women participated in the conference, supporting women’s rights (Ledwith 117). The participants have been representatives of organizations, governments, or even individuals (Ledwith 117). The global dimension always needs to be part of feminist activism, because this is the only way for women’s rights to be effectively protected. The Beijing Conference

Constructions of cultural memory Research Paper

Constructions of cultural memory - Research Paper Example My research questions are: How is the cultural memory of Tiananmen Square Protests represented in the chosen resources and what are the changes that these memories seem to anticipate and argue for? How does the event continue to make history? Witty and Calhoun both represent the event’s cultural memory by describing some of the most critical turning points of the Tiananmen Square protests, although Witty emphasizes rebellion against autocracy through the Tank Man’s photo, while Calhoun analyzes the actions and thoughts of people who were in the midst of shaping democratic ideals in their own terms. Figure 1: Widener’s Photo of the Tank Man Source: Widener (1989 in Witty) In the article, â€Å"Behind the Scenes: Tank Man of Tiananmen,† Witty uses four photos of the Tank Man to represent different perspectives of the Tiananmen Square Protests, where these images try to underline that this man symbolizes the struggles of all ordinary people against government repression and corruption, but because of lack of violence of some photos, it somehow hides the gruesome effects of the government’s crackdown on the protesters. ... The cultural memory focuses on four tanks that are ready to crush all those who oppose and criticize the state and one man who will not be crushed at all. The light post represents urban space through manifesting technology and modernity. The action of the man against the tanks and the cropped lamp post together signify that non-violent action is light in the darkness because rationality meets irrationality. Standing tall like the lamp post, the Tank Man symbolizes democracy and hope for the people. The photo further shows that the tanks are approaching and one man with his shopping bags stand before them. Like others before him, the Tank Man stands in front of the state’s military tools, a memory which argues that he, as well as other ordinary people like him, will fight for democracy anytime and he will not even need tanks to do it. He only needs his resolve and principles, which hundreds to thousands others already offered when they died the night of the Chinese governmentà ¢â‚¬â„¢s crackdown. The photo argues that the state does not have absolute power because the people have power to fight for what is absolutely right for them- the right to oppose and to replace a corrupt and oppressive government. Furthermore, from Witty’s article, the Tiananmen Square protests continue to make history because it portrays an ordinary man’s greatest act of courage and integrity against symbols of oppression. The photo shows that the Tank Man seems to be an office employee with his white shirt and black pants. He is an ordinary man with two white shopping bags, the image of an urban dweller that the state wants to control. The photo argues that he is one man against the state’s violence, and yet because he has had enough, he will stand for his principles of

Freedom based of the book the white tiger Essay

Freedom based of the book the white tiger - Essay Example Let the people of the country not allow any organization to which they belong, to become loose and inefficient and let them remain loyally disposed to the cause of ideal of work. But the rich class will not allow this to happen and they wish to keep the poor section of the society to remain poor for their vested interests. The rich and the powerful want the average citizen to remain docile and enmeshed in poverty and subjugation, and keep busy to solve domestic and economic problems. The poor work hard; the rich work intelligently and know the art of switching over every situation to their advantage and deny the opportunity to the oppressed to free themselves from the shackles. Reverting to the issue Balaram Halwai, who styles himself as an entrepreneur, declares, â€Å"Please understand, Your Excellency, that India is two countries in one: an India of Light, and an India of Darkness.† (12)He is pleading for the poor of India, as compared to the super rich to whom aggrandizement of wealth is the way of life. Balaram has serious complaints against the working of democracy in India. Majority of the Indians are not free in the real sense. Constitutional provisions and passing legislations in the name of the poor will not bring freedom and economic prosperity. The author cites the representative example of his village and argues, â€Å"These people were building homes for the rich, but they lived in tents covered with blue tarpaulin sheets, and partitioned into lanes by lines of sewage. It was even worse than Laxmangarh.†(222) Elections, the very process of democracy, are rigged. Balram asserts, â€Å"I am India’s most faithful voter, and I have still not seen the inside of a voting booth.†(86) He compares the process of election with darkness because, the process is not fair and many malpractices happen during the election, often with the connivance of those who are in charge of conducting the

Adolescent Identity Development based on Race and Sexuality Essay

Adolescent Identity Development based on Race and Sexuality - Essay Example standing the significance of culture is necessary not only to deliver treatment but also to be able to develop for themselves skills that transcend cultural barriers to treatment. The urgency of these needs has been highlighted in several researches. Sue and Sue (2002) emphasize that one of the primary steps to be taken is the study and recognition of culture in therapy. Counseling methods should reflect this and program methods to help cultural assimilation without sacrificing appreciation for cultural heritage (Vontress et al, 19999). McGuire-Snieckus and associates at the same time have also highlighted that standards for care should reflect these changes: that therapy should have a greater social and personal value to be able to effectively address care needs. The need for intercultural communication and understanding in therapy is an indication of greater social empowerment amongst cultural groups and is critical in developing tolerance and cooperation among various groups (Neuliep, 2006). The selected populations of the study, Hispanics, have a distinct cultural heritage that greatly influences the manner by which the y perceive, acquire and respond to therapy. Johnson (2006) reflects that as a subject group they show how the sensitivity to cultural factors can contribute to the success of programs. Cox and Ephross (1998) cite that ethnicity should be considered not only for their value in the development of identity or perceptions but also in the manner of response that subjects have to new cultures. From the interviews done for the purpose of this research, it is apparent that there are many misconceptions within and outside the Hispanic community that actively influence perceptions regarding therapy. There is great attachment among the population for family and cultural heritage that emphasizes religion and traits that are considered to be trademarks. There are many taboos developed form these beliefs that may deter counseling particularly those related

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS - Research Paper Example It helped in the flow of the populace and provides reinforcement against incursion. The concepts were exported to the New World, as William Penn, the founder of Philadelphia city came up with gridiron plan in outlining the streets and a major portion of land flexible to quick change in land utilization. This resulted in contemporary planning of the cities so as to suit the needs of the inhabitants. After the first war that happens in the world, the country was destroyed resulting in finances channeled to retrofitting the American towns towards the launch of the automobile business. These required finances as the cost of expenses were high. In the year 1920, the country underwent a great depression and the worst hit trade was the building industry. This led to stagnation of buildings across the towns. The recent changing trends play a major role in influencing modern urban designs. The changes sweeping the planning profession have come up with an ideology about urban design as a profession away from the normal concept that entails societal issues and guiding principle. It is important for the contemporary designers to come up with varied knowledgeable designs that suit the urban environment. Public realm proposal is another aspect that should be taken into account when planning the modern cities. Spaces between the constructions should be considered when building houses. The spaces are linked to culture, the people’s behavior, security, accessibility and commerce. Consequently public realm is a vital aspect in urban designs. A high-quality development initiative should consider energy effectiveness and biodiversity. Conservative development preparation forms the basis for environmental policies hence the need for the implementation. Designers should encourage the development of ecological improvement together with the urban design doctrines. The movement advocated for striking cities as it believed that a nice city is conducive for the

Adolescent Identity Development based on Race and Sexuality Essay

Adolescent Identity Development based on Race and Sexuality - Essay Example standing the significance of culture is necessary not only to deliver treatment but also to be able to develop for themselves skills that transcend cultural barriers to treatment. The urgency of these needs has been highlighted in several researches. Sue and Sue (2002) emphasize that one of the primary steps to be taken is the study and recognition of culture in therapy. Counseling methods should reflect this and program methods to help cultural assimilation without sacrificing appreciation for cultural heritage (Vontress et al, 19999). McGuire-Snieckus and associates at the same time have also highlighted that standards for care should reflect these changes: that therapy should have a greater social and personal value to be able to effectively address care needs. The need for intercultural communication and understanding in therapy is an indication of greater social empowerment amongst cultural groups and is critical in developing tolerance and cooperation among various groups (Neuliep, 2006). The selected populations of the study, Hispanics, have a distinct cultural heritage that greatly influences the manner by which the y perceive, acquire and respond to therapy. Johnson (2006) reflects that as a subject group they show how the sensitivity to cultural factors can contribute to the success of programs. Cox and Ephross (1998) cite that ethnicity should be considered not only for their value in the development of identity or perceptions but also in the manner of response that subjects have to new cultures. From the interviews done for the purpose of this research, it is apparent that there are many misconceptions within and outside the Hispanic community that actively influence perceptions regarding therapy. There is great attachment among the population for family and cultural heritage that emphasizes religion and traits that are considered to be trademarks. There are many taboos developed form these beliefs that may deter counseling particularly those related

Visualising Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Visualising Society - Assignment Example In 2008, BP had already announced a plan to spend up to $2 billion to expand existing pipelines and build new connections to Gulf Coast refiners, with projected delivery up to 250,000 barrels 2012 (Hoovers 2010). The company also gained additional properties in the Gulf of Mexico. On April 20, 2010 a rig working less than 50 miles south of Louisiana exploded on the Deepwater Horizon rig off the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Initial word from the U.S. Coast Guard was that no oil spill had resulted from the combustion. Briefly after the statement, the U.S. government announced 1,000 barrels of thick oil per day were spilling into the ocean. The preliminary estimate was soon changed to 42,000 gallons or 5,000 barrels per day. BP initially rejected those estimates, but was confronted with environmental assessments that revealed a spill potentially worse than the 1989 Exxon Valdez disaster. Events leading up to and subsequent to the spill are outlined in the following timeline (Elliot 2010): April 20: at approximately 10:00 PM (CET) a fire was reported on the Deepwater Horizon rig, owned by Transocean Ltd. which was leased by lessor energy giant BP. On April 21, Transocean, Ltd. stated that there was no mention of the spill, despite eleven workers killed on site. April 22: Coast Guard spokeswoman Katherine McNamara indicates disaster level spill. BPs chief executive, Tony Hayward, tells the public that Bp is responding with "everything in our power to contain this oil spill and resolve the situation as rapidly, safely and effectively as possible." The rig sinks. April 27: After underwater robots fail in an attempt to stop the flow of oil. The U.S. Coast Guard attempts to trap the oil in containment booms, and then set it on fire. BP indicates that it will commence drilling of a new relief well near the spill site, but completion of the process could take months. In a communication from Rep. Henry Waxman (D-CA), chair

Transformational Change Essay Example for Free

Transformational Change Essay The Transformational learning process conceived by Jack Merzirow has four stages. Transformational learning is a process to help people solve their problems and help them to make life changes. The four stages are; recognizing a significant problem, confronting it intensely , finding a solution, and integrating a new perspective as well as a new set of assumptions into your life pattern. Recognizing a significant problem is the first step in being able to figure out what the problem or issue is in your past or current life. Once you are able to recognize the problem you will be able to talk out the situation or problem with someone. Confronting a problem intensely is difficult. Especially once you have to be honest with yourself. If you are having a difficult time in your life it makes it difficult to remain calm and level headed. Most people have a hard time looking at themselves and realizing they need help. If you remain calm and level headed you will be able to see the problem and figure out a solution. Finding a solution to the problem or situation can be a process. Once you are able to look at the problem calmly and rationally a decision or solution will come easier. You will be able to start to see light at the end of the tunnel. The steps to the solution will become more clear. Integrating a new perspective and a new set of assumptions into your life you must be able to understand new ideas, thoughts, and points of views differently. Realizing this will help guide all of your expectations to the right direction and way of thinking. You will realize that being open to new ideas and thoughts will help you to make the right decision and feel good about it. When you face a significant issue in your life, such as considering a totally new career or adopting a value system required by a new relationship, you are entering a learning cycle with complex challenges. Although the learning resulting from a significant experience of this kind may be renewing, its outcome is likely to be more far-reaching than that. Because of the depth of its outcomes, this type of learning experience is called transformational. It produces a new level of meaning in your life. Inevitably, the transformational learning cycle moves through the stages of recognizing a significant problem, confronting it intensely, finding a solution, and integrating a new perspective and a new set of assumptions into your life pattern. This process requires a great deal of reflection and is often painful and stressful. Transformation, though desirable, rarely comes easily. It separates life into distinct â€Å"before† and â€Å"after† realities. ) Source taken from Ashford Textbook Chapter 5. 2. When I was 22 I found out I was pregnant. This was a terrible time in my life. I was working three jobs just to make ends meet for myself. I had been dating my now husband Jeremy,but at that time boyfriend of only six months. We were friends for a year before we started dating. At the time I was on two different types of birth control for medical reasons and was told I would not be able to get pregnant. Being young and stupid I never questioned my Doctor any more about it. I was in disbelief. In my mind there was just no way. I was also still menstruating. Anxiety, questions and depression were all I could think about when I found out. I had to confront this issue but how? First my biggest concern how far along was I? Second should I have the baby, have an abortion or give it up for adoption? Last how did this happen? Once I confronted the issue with Jeremy we were both scared and angry at each other we ended up breaking up. I was emotional and scared. He was young and immature. I found out I was four months along, this limited my options. I decided to keep the baby. Now she is 15 beautiful and smart. I explained to Jeremy I would be keeping her. We did not talk till I was a little over seven months. I reached my seventh month before we decided together to come up with a solution. We both knew we wanted to be together. Neither of us wanted to be without the other but we were so scared and young we didnt know what to expect. I decided to quit one job and only work two. I had my own apartment so he moved in with me. It was really difficult for us the first couple of years, mostly trust was the issue. Trust is something we both value. Now that we have been married and together for a total of 18 years we look at things differently. We have to keep an open mind and listen to each other. We don’t always get along but we do have respect for each other. Together we have a friendship and a bond that will last us for the rest of our lives. Ideas, thoughts and emotions are always changing just like points of views and expectations. I know now my expectations of Jeremy are completely different for when we first got together. Mezirow identified seven phases occurring in the challenging learning process: experiencing a disorienting dilemma, self-examination, critical assessment of assumptions, recognizing that others have gone through a similar process, exploring a process, formulating a plan of action and reintegration. Mezirows self-examination was the biggest and hardest for me in the beginning of our relationship. I felt like we had rushed into having a baby and moving in together. I was questioning myself as well as Jeremy. I felt like I didnt know him well enough but then on the other hand we had created life. I knew I loved Jeremy and there was not anyone else I wanted to be with. I just knew he was not ready to be a father or a husband at that time. I would look at myself and wonder for the first 3 years we were together and wonder if I made the right choice for me. I had so many plans and Jeremy and my daughter were not in them. Now I look back and I am happy with the choices I made. I just wish I had went to college instead of just working to pay the bills. The transformational learning process created by Mezirow has helped people to identify their problems and life choices. Once you use they processes to figure out the problem you will be able to find the correct solution.

Which Factors Make Advertising Effective Marketing Essay

Which Factors Make Advertising Effective Marketing Essay What makes advertising effective.: this Report aims to answer this essential issue because it is the key for achieving -or not- the goals pursued by every company that invests in advertising. The general question has been divided in three areas, depending on the type of consumers response that advertising aims to arouse: cognitive, affective or conative, according to the famous Hierarchy of Effects model proposed by Lavidge and Steiner in 1961. In addition, the report focuses on the role of Music in advertising, with the purpose to highlight how its use can help to achieve efficacy in advertising. Five recommendations are identified through the report. Advertisers should first choose the media mix able to reach as many consumers as possible from the target audience (Ogilvy, 1985). Using appealing creativity (Dahlen et Al, 2010) and increasing the frequency of the message (Pickton and Broderick, 2005) is required to pass successfully through all the selective phases of consumers influence process, in order to make them memorize the contents of advertising. Music can be very helpful both for gaining consumers attention and giving a mnemonic quality to the message (Sutherland, 2008). An effective way to build an emotional link with consumers is referring to common culture (Godin, 1999). Jingles are able to involve consumers, at the point that they can become part of consumers cultural background of people (Sutherland, 2008). It is necessary to understand how the purchasing decision is taken by consumers in order to affect their behaviour; the FCB matrix by Vaughn (1986) identifies four types of purchasing process and suggests the quantity and quality of information to provide for each of them in order to have an impact on the decision making process. Since music sets up an entertaining mood, its use appears to be appropriate for the feel products and not for the think products (Arens et Al, 2011). As most of these factors refers to the ability of understanding consumers minds, the report has confirmed that psychology represents a basic support for marketing functions as the making of effective advertising (Foxall et Al, 1998). INTRODUCTION This paper aims to identify the factors which make advertising effective. The research starts stating a basic condition then, since efficacy is the ability to bring about the intended result (Oxford dictionary, 2007), the report analyses which are the marketing objectives pursued by advertising. The Hierarchy of Effects Model proposed by Lavidge and Steiner (1961) is considered pivotal in the communication process. Accordingly, the report uses a tripartite approach in order to better isolate and identify the factors that make advertising successful whether the response sought from consumers is cognitive, affective or conative. The report then operates a specific analysis on the role of Music in advertising, showing how music can be a very useful tool to reach efficacy (Sutherland, 2008) for all the three pursued responses shown previously. Recommendations and Conclusions about the topic complete the analysis. Practical examples chosen among the most famous companies provide evidence to the theoretical analysis; further examples can be found in the appendices. This research has been performed through the method of the literary review: books, papers and articles of famous Marketers and Psychologists are used as sources. A Basic Condition Advertising is undoubtedly a central part of promotion, but compared to the 4 Ps of marketing mix theorized by McCartney (1960), it represents only an aspect of the marketing effort made by the company (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). To reach and maximize the efficacy of advertising, firms should develop a deep know-how of their market, becoming what Llambin (2008) calls market-driven companies. This is achievable only by large investments in market research, in order to know as much as possible about consumers and competitors. As Cowles and Kiecker stated (1998), market research is important not only to identify the most profitable target segments, but also to develop a message content that is appealing to them, and to identify the most effective and efficient marketing communications mix elements and media. Companies have to focus all their functions to the market: only Market-driven companies will be really able to set the most effective advertising (Llambin, 2008). The HoE model: three responses to be aroused As advertising is a non-personal form of communication (Fill,2009), marketing can be supported by the studies on the communication process. Among them, the hierarchy of effects model proposed by Lavidge and Steiner (1961) states sthat when the ad message reaches the consumer, following the steps of the SMRC communication model (Berlo, 1960), the receiver responds by progressively undertaking three phases: the cognitive phase as first, then the affective and finally the conative. Specifically, consumers will pass through these sequential stages: Awareness, Knowledge, Liking, Preference, Conviction, Purchase. [Figure A] Figure A : Sequential stages of Lavidge and Steiner model (1961) Source: http://www.learnmarketing.net/Hierarchy%20Of%20Effects.jpg Using this tripartite approach, the marketing objectives become more definite and therefore it is possible to identify more precisely the key factors for achieving efficacy. Firms should then set up a specific advertising campaign targeted for each of the three macro-responses they want to arouse in the audience (Lavidge and Steiner, 1961). As a confirmation, even the DAGMAR model (Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising Results) proposed by R.H. Colley in 1961 suggests that any stage should provide the objective for Marketing Communication independent of the rest (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). The following three Mc Donalds adverts clearly show this differentiated approach. In the first one [Figure B], nothing but the apposition of the two logos (the wi-fi one made by chips) is used: since this ad wants to make the audience learn the service provided, it refers to the cognitive phase. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhviAWVJ6tUaHnXnPb5vo4mDJpniotx4RdaBSQFzarUZN42WIGfSEOi53ytpBZ4euOiDRxk0_OSHCKWTCyjs6jJ71O3hvbX5_Tr0oDIhrE7QlXrC95Z3Yp0VMPjucESBIwVYSF4Z1rC41E/s400/Cool+and+Beautiful+McDonald%E2%80%99s+Advertising+10.jpg) Figure B. Source: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhviAWVJ6tUaHnXnPb5vo4mDJpniotx4RdaBSQFzarUZN42WIGfSEOi53ytpBZ4euOiDRxk0_OSHCKWTCyjs6jJ71O3hvbX5_Tr0oDIhrE7QlXrC95Z3Yp0VMPjucESBIwVYSF4Z1rC41E/s400/Cool+and+Beautiful+McDonald%E2%80%99s+Advertising+10.jpg In the second one [Figure C], the baby approaching the hamburger evokes feelings of affection for the food offered by the company; an home atmosphere is aroused. Emotional persuasion is the first aim for the affective phase. http://www.breastfeedingsymbol.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/mcdonalds.jpg Figure C. Source: http://www.breastfeedingsymbol.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/mcdonalds.jpg In the third one [Figure D], the invitation to take an action is extremely clear: consumers should have breakfast at Mc Donalds on Mondays, convinced by the free coffee. This ad aims to induce a change in the consumers behaviour: it refers to the conative phase. http://www.mcdonaldsstl.com/images/FreeCoffeeMondays-graphic.jpg Figure D. Source: http://www.mcdonaldsstl.com/images/FreeCoffeeMondays-graphic.jpg The main limit of HoE is its rigidity: consumers do not always undertake these steps sequentially, because of their irrationality; however, the existence of these three kinds of responses is widely accepted also among the critics (Barry and Howard, 1990). Accordingly, it is possible to  reformulate the central question in a more detailed way: which elements are necessary in advertising, in order to improve the companys performance in brand awareness (1), in the affective relationship with the consumers (2), and in the sales (3)? 1 Cognitive response The goal of these campaigns is to ensure that customers are properly aware of the brand; making clear the brand positioning is the main aim (Egan, 2007). Reach is the first key factor. Pelsmacker (2007) defines it as the number or percentage of people who are expected to be exposed to the advertisers message during a specified period . Reach plays the either/or role in the SMRC process: if the company does not reach the consumers, no response can be aroused. Therefore, the choice of the most appropriate media mix to reach the target segments becomes crucial for the success of the advertising campaign (Ogilvy, 1985). According to the selective influence process theories, people play a very active role as receivers in the communication process (Karlz and Lazarsfeld, 1955). There are unconscious and social intervening variables which affect the final internalization of the message. Since only the memorized information is able to affect the consumers behaviours the ability to pass through the selective phases of the consumer influence process is the second key factor (Karlz and Lazarsfeld, 1955). To win the receivers attention, it is required to overtake what Wundt (1896) calls the absolute threshold, that is the minimum psychic intensity an individual needs for reacting to a stimulus. For this reason, the effort to provide appealing creativity to the advert gains great importance (Dahlen et Al, 2010); moreover, since the traditional media are today overcrowded (Levinson, 2007), creativity can make adverts emerge to the consumers eyes. A clear example can be represented by the winner of the Best Use of Blu Tac in a Shop Window Postcard Space category in the Chip Shop Awards 2012. Clearasil posted a completely and intensely white postcard: impossible not to see. Figure E. Source: http://www.chipshopawards.com/ Clearasil is a brand of beauty products against skin imperfections (www.clearasil.co.uk) Use of creativity can also have negative impacts: it is difficult to define the line between great effect and great scandal (Godin, 1999). [see Appendix I] In choosing how often to transmit the advertising message, psychology supports marketing once again (Foxall et Al, 1998). I.V. Pavlov developed the notion of conditioned reflex (1927): opposed to the innate reflex it is a learned reaction to a positive or negative stimulus. In marketing, this means that the repetition of a message will increase its understanding; thats why frequency plays a key role. Frequency measures the number of times, on average, that a member of the target audience is exposed to a message or, more accurately, to the media (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). Increasing the frequency helps making the advertise effective but, according to the Curve of Wundt (1896), if the intensity of the stimulus exceeds a certain limit it is even possible to arouse anxiety, nervousness and irritation in the receivers. 2 Affective response Here, the main goal is to create an affective link with consumers, in order to persuade them appreciating the brand and making a preference for it (Fill, 2009). The more the content of a message is associated to paradigmatic knowledge, the more immediate and simple is its decoding by the receiver (Grandori, 1999): thats why advertising should carry associations recalling to the common culture to be effective in building an emotional link with the audience (Godin, 1999). Among all the cultural aspects, political studies have shown that the more compelling ones are common roots ; common habits ; famous figures (Gabrielsen, 2010). The use of cultural associations can be clearly found in Chryslers spot for the launch of the new 200 model, shown during the 2011 edition of Super Bowl. The core of the message highlights the origin of the machine, manufactured in Detroit: Thats who we are. Thats our story. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Because when it comes to luxury, its as much about where its from, as who its for. Now were from America, but this isnt New York City, or the Windy city.(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) This is the Motor city. And this is what we do. The new Chrysler 200 has arrived. Imported from Detroit. [see Appendix II] Casting famous figures (VIP) as testimonial and being present at the big events widely enjoyed and cherished by people (as the recent Olympics in London 2012) are other effective ways to involve the audience (Arens et Al, 2011) [see Appendix III and IV] Thanks to these associations, every time that consumers get in touch with the reminded cultural aspect, they will also remember the linked brand (Godin, 1999).[see Appendix V] This cultural approach shows some limits. Since culture is a sphere of meanings related to the past, the new products which aim to highlight innovation as their core quality cant take the best benefits from cultural associations (Ogilvy, 1985). Moreover, relying on VIP means accepting the risk of linking to them the name of the brand also when something negative is referred to them (Arens et Al, 2011). [see Appendix VI] 3 Conative response In order to affect consumers behaviours with advertising, it is necessary to understand how their decision making process works. The model developed by Vaughn for Foote Cone and Belding in 1980, known as the FCB matrix, considers it as driven by two variables: the level of involvement (high-low) and the type of approach to the purchase (rational-emotional). (McWilliam, 1997; Vaughn, 1980 and 1986). The result is the identification of 4 macro-type of purchasing process, each one requiring different kinds of information to be affected: differences are both in quantity high and detailed or low and summarized- and quality -emotional or rational of information. (Vaughn, 1986). In Figure F, some exemplar products are placed in the 4 quadrants of the FCB matrix. Figure F. Source: Vaugh, 1980 Therefore, advertising can be effective only if it provides the consumers with the kind of information they look for in their decision making process, this one being identified by the quadrant the product is placed in. (Vaughn, 1986). The analysis of 4 different decision making processes is now addressed, referring to the model of Vaughn (1986): High involvement / rational. People look for the real facts, they need to gain the confidence they are doing the right choice (e.g. Mortgage). The way to be effective is to highlight all the product competitive benefits as well as the company know-how, and to provide the consumers with positive feedbacks . [Figure G]http://www.okeefeestateagents.com/_microsites/paul_okeefe/docs/images/homepage/rightColAdvert/need-a-mortgage.jpg Figure G. Source: http://www.okeefeestateagents.com/_microsites/paul_okeefe/docs/images/homepage/rightColAdvert/need-a-mortgage.jpg High involvement / emotional. Consumers want to learn about and feel the experience (e.g. Holidays). Companies should provide content rich media with compelling personal feedbacks, music and everything else able to make the consumers taste the experience. [Figure H] Figure H. Source: www.adcracker.com Low involvement / rational. People usually buy by habit (e.g. toothpaste). Underlining the incentives to change habits as sale coupons can be effective. [Figure I]http://c3240dd96f54819fb6f2-90846526673b19d9a04c27097b58cb86.r6.cf2.rackcdn.com/2011/09/optic-white-coupon.jpg Figure I. Source: www.cuckooforcoupondeals.com Low involvement / emotional. People often looks for sensory or psychological gratification (e.g. Movies). Showing sensory rich imagery can be successful. [Figure J]http://www.filmjabber.com/movie-blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/the-eye-poster.jpg Figure J. Source: http://www.filmjabber.com/movie-blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/the-eye-poster.jpg The limit of the FCB matrix is the difficulty to plot the product in the right quadrant, because of the inconsistencies between consumers and companies perceptions of it (Dahlen et Al, 2010). Moreover, as marketing environment is rapidly changing, products and services can fast move from one coordinate to another in the brand image of consumers (Fill, 2009). The Role of Music in Advertising Music can be a very useful tool to reach efficacy in advertising, whether the aim is to arouse a cognitive, affective or conative response in the consumers (Sutherland, 2008). The analysis aims to show how the use of music can aid or hinder the effective factors identified in the general part. COGNITIVE PURPOSE Music can help to win consumers attention: reproducing a song well-known among the target audience or a catchy rhythm greatly helps to get its attentions (Sutherland, 2008). The use of creativity in music can be found in the production of jingles, where companies set their own words to Music. Jingles are among the best -and worst- ad messages produced. Done well, they can bring enormous success, well beyond the non-musical commercial. Done poorly, they can waste the advertising budget and annoy audiences beyond belief (Arens et Al, 2011). [see Appendix VII] Moreover, what Sutherland (2008) calls the three Rs rhyme, rhythm and repetition give words a mnemonic quality, making the message more catchy and enduring in memory. AFFECTIVE PURPOSE Research has shown that the positive mood created by music makes consumers more receptive to an ad message (Belch and Belch, 2009). When words are set to the music, a desire for repetition can be created: thats why jingles are able to involve consumers, at the point that they can become themselves part of the cultural background of people (Sutherland, 2008). A chart of the top 10 jingles of the century has been made, according to peoples preferences: a prove of the attachment consumers have towards them (Belch and Belch, 2009). Figure K. Source: Belch and Belch, 2009 The case of Oscar Mayers spots clearly shows the emotional power of jingles in advertising. [see Appendix VIII] Jingles are used less frequently today, replaced by an increasing use of current or classic pop songs: in the age of the technologic way to live music companies must be careful not to appear old-fashionable while using jingles (Belch and Belch, 2009). CONATIVE PURPOSE Music can also affect the way people behave, but since it better vehicles an emotional message, it seems to be effective especially -if not only- with the feel products (Sutherland, 2008). A great example of how music can be focused on action is the jingle created by the pizza chain Pizza, Pizza in Toronto: the company put its phone number in the lyrics, so that Toronto residents could memorize it easily. [see Appendix IX] On the other hand, music causes what Sutherland (2008) calls the wash-over effect: when we listen to lyrics, we process the message as an experience that we can enjoy or not rather than judging the reliability of its meaning. The entertaining mood set up by music is inappropriate when consumers want to focus on the rational information, as for think products (Arens et Al, 2011). As the analysis of consumers responses to music in advertising carried by Oakes (2007) shows, reaching a congruity between music and advertising in mood, genre, image and tempo contributes to the efficacy of an advertisement by enhancing recall, brand attitude, affective response and purchase intention. Since the negotiation of the license rights often needs large sums, marketers should carefully decide if and in which way music can be coherent with the marketing campaign, in order to avoid an expensive disorientation of consumers(Belch and Belch, 2009). RECOMMENDATIONS As shown through the report, advertisers should first ascertain to find the media mix that will maximize the reach of the audience (Ogilvy, 1985). Passing successfully through all the selective phases of consumers influence process is necessary to make them memorize a message (Karlz and Lazarsfeld, 1955). Concretely, this can be achieved by using appealing creativity (Dahlen et Al, 2010) and by increasing the frequency of the message (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). The use of Music can be very effective both for winning consumers attention and adding a mnemonic quality to the message (Sutherland, 2008). When aiming to build an emotional link with consumers, a successful choice is including associations recalling to common culture in the message sent to consumers (Gabrielsen, 2010). Jingles can be such able to involve consumers, that they can become themselves part of the cultural background of people (Sutherland, 2008). To effectively affect consumers behaviours, advertisers must understand how the purchasing decision for their products is taken by consumers; the FCB matrix by Vaughn (1986) suggest the quantity and quality of information to provide for each of the 4 types of purchasing process identified by crossing the level of involvement (high or low) and the kind of approach (emotional or rational). Music can be effective for feel products, but not for think products, since it sets up an entertaining mood inappropriate for rational decisions (Arens et Al, 2011). The overall recommendation for companies is to consider advertising as a process that involves the entire business as connected with it by a close cause-effect relationship: when an advert is not effective, it can be the symptom that theres something wrong in the marketing decision making process, or it can be the cause leading to future problems in the relationship with the market (Llambin, 2008). CONCLUSIONS It has been shown that a tripartite approach to the central question which factors can make advertising effective? is able to deeply analyse the issue and to define an accurate answer. Since all the factors except the maximisation of Reach refer to the ability of reading consumers minds, the report has confirmed how psychology can greatly support marketing functions and, specifically, making advertising effective (Foxall et Al, 1998). Thats why Market-driven companies, which have developed a deep knowledge of their consumers as a result of large investments in market research, have the concrete possibility to apply these factors in the most effective way possible (Llambin, 2008). APPENDICES As an example, the historical testimonial used by Danish Frisbee Sports Union for the 2012 campaign will be definitely able to catch consumers attention, but it can reasonably arouse perplexity and disgust in a high number of people. Source: http://www.chipshopawards.com/ Full text of the spot: Narrator :  I got a question for you. What does this city know about luxury, hm? What does a town thats been to hell and back know about the finer things in life? Well Ill tell you. More than most. You see,  its the hottest fires that make the hardest steel. Add hard work and conviction. And a know how that runs generations deep in every last one of us. Thats who we are. Thats our story. Now its probably not the one youve been reading in the papers. The one being written by folks who have never even been here. Dont know what were capable of. Because when it comes to luxury,  its as much about where its from as who its for. Now were from America but this isnt New York City, or the Windy City, or Sin City, and were certainly no ones Emerald City. Eminem: This is the motor city   and this is what we do. Written text: The new Chrysler 300 has arrived. Imported from Detroit Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embeddedv=V0HLIvtJRAI VIP testimonials can provide good advantages: a VIP well known among the target audience can better win consumers attention; it allows to make the advertising message more personal, exploiting the VIPs familiarity with the consumers ; people will associate the appreciated qualities of the VIP to the product (Arens et Al, 2011). Nestlà ¨ chose to set a totally VIP-focused campaign to promote Nespresso brand: George Clooney has being appeared in every adverts of the famous espresso machine, with the aim to take advantages from his style and world-wide popularity. Source of Image: http://www.generation-flux.com/images/Nespresso-site.jpg A great example of how an emotional link can be built by focusing advertising on current events widely enjoyed and cherished by people is represented by the marketing campaigns of PG, created to promote their laundry products Ariel in UK and Tide in USA during the Olympics of London 2012. The compelling references on the athletic competition were present in both the spots: Before the Gold, Silver, and Bronze, its the red, white and blue.At the Olympic Games, its not the color you go home with that matters, its the colors you came in. When colors mean this much, trust them to Ariel (UK)/ Tide (USA). The meaning of the final sentence Proud keeper of Our Countrys Colours was certainly influenced by the images of the athletes shown in the video: for Ariel, a high number of British participants ; for Tide, almost only American players. Sources: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoF9DROHYnU Tide for USA; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jipn-MGg0DA Ariel for UK. A great example of the power of cultural associations can be found in politics. The ex-Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, considered the biggest innovator in the Italian political marketing in a negative or positive way depending on the political conviction (Palmieri, 2012), named his first party Forza Italia (1994), that is the same slogan used by Italian people as an incitement for the national football team. The result was a widespread embarrassment (ibidem) when people not voting for Berlusconi wanted to support the football team, but they had to shout the name of his party: they could not manage not to think about this political association. Cirio is an Italian company founded in 1856 specialized in canned food, especially in tomato paste. (www.cirio.co.uk) Cirio managers werent happy to learn that their testimonial Gerard Depardieu was founded drunk and misbehaving on a plane just two weeks later the advertising campaign was launched. The spot is accessible here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReGPNs-HfH0 The episode reported: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/8706992/Gerard-Depardieu-accused-of-urinating-on-floor-of-plane.html As an example, in the 1970s Coca-Cola was so successful with its jingle Id like to buy the world a Coke that it was then extended and released to become an international chart hit called Id like to Teach the World to Sing (Sutherland, 2008). Oscar Mayer is a brand owned by Kraft Foods. At the end of last century the company held local auditions in search of American children to continue the 30-year tradition of singing the catchy bologna and wiener jingles: they were such known that Oscar Mayer decided to be self-referential in order to best cultivate the relationship with the consumers. Thompson, S. 1997. Promotions: Nostalgia Bolognese, Brandweek, April 14, 1997 Original videos are available here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmPRHJd3uHI (Bologna); http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNddW2xmZp8feature=related (Wieners) The example and the text of the jingle are reported in Sutherland (2008, p 122): nine-six-seven, eleven eleven / phone Pizza Pizza, hey hey hey!

Current Issue Article :: essays research papers

I found this article to be very interesting it ties very well into what we have been learning about with the universe. The article talks about how astronomers have used old stars to determine the age of the universe. The article tells how Timothy Beers and his associates have discovered a radioactive isotope, uranium-238, in a metal-poor star located on the outskirts of the milkyway. I suppose I should give a little back that the article talked about first. Astronomers have found the age of many stars by using radioactive dating. See astronomers are able to calculate the age of a star by using this radioactive dating. This method does work for older stars that were formed from just hydrogen, helium and lithium these are nonradioactive elements that are called metal poor-stars. Well it is believe that some of these stars were massive and exploded and set off nuclear reactions that made a second generation of metal-poor stars and some of these stars contained radioactive isotopes. So now that leads us to were I started until the discovery of uranuim-238 astronomers were only able to detect isotope-thoruim-232. Well with the discovery of this star that contained uranuim-238 researchers were able to calculate the age of the star and make an estimated minimum age of the universe. Astronomers hope that with the discovery of more of these stars they will be able to find the minimum age of the universe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I know that was a long explanation I just don’t think I could have made it shorter. Any ways I picked this article because I found it so interesting. I mean to think that for thousands of years astronomers have been studying the stars and here in the year 2001 they are still making discoveries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand is knowing the age of the universe going to make some big impact on our lives. I guess what I am wondering is I am sure that they are spending millions of dollars for this research.

Opinion About Macbeth Essay

Macbeth tells a story of a brave strong warrior the king of Scotland becomes his successor by murdering him and then he’s defeated. Before we meet Macbeth , we form an opinion of him based on what other people say about him for example; the king of Scotland Duncan says ; † O worthy gentlemen oh valiant cousin.† This shows their related, well bred and worthwhile. And the bloody man says; † But all too weak for brave Macbeth well he deserves his name.† This suggests he’s a well known brave solider. Macbeth surprises us with his reaction to the witch’s prophecies, because when they tell him he’s: Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor and shall be king. He’s stunned and full of disbelief as he says; † A prosperous gentleman; and shall be king stand not within the prospect of belief.† he thinks he’s taking someone else’s tittle of them because he says; † I know I’m thane of Glamis but how Cawdor t he thane of Cawdor lives† Then he wants to know more of what the witches said to him. â€Å"Stay you imperfect speakers tell me more.† he gets tempted about what they said to him. â€Å"If good why do to that suggestion.† This shows that he’d like to be king then he thinks of murder. â€Å"My thought whose murder yet is but fantastical.† This suggests he wants to murder the current king of Scotland, to get what he wants. But he doesn’t want to do it; he wants to leave it to fate. But Lady Macbeth influences him to do it, by saying that: he doesn’t love her, if he did it he would make him more of a man and that she’d do anything for him. In act 1 sc IV we see more thoughts of murder as he thinks, I’m either going to have to step over him or give up because he’s in my way. He’s thinking this about the prince of Cumberland .now he thinks of the murder of Duncan and says; â€Å"stars, hide your light so no one can see the terrible desires within me. I won’t let my eye look at what my hand is doing, but in the end I’m still going to do that thing I’d be horrified to see.† He says he’s going to do it but dose not want to she the things he’ll do. We first see Lady Macbeth in act 1 sc v, we realise a few things about her she ambitious and influences Macbeth an awful lot â€Å"Glamis thou art, Cawdor and shall be what thou art promised.† This means she thinks and knows some how she will make him be king, this boosts him and he thinks he can do it. She also has a low opinion of Macbeth, â€Å"yet I do fear thy nature; it is too full of the milk of human kindness.† She thinks he’s too nice and kind to do it.† Art not without ambition, but without wunes should attend it.† This says got ambition but he not got the guts to do it or go through with it. She trying to influence him by saying; â€Å"that I pour my sprits in thine ear and chastie with the valar of my tongue.† this means she going to fill him with evil and talk him in to it. Lady Macbeth influences Macbeth in many ways the first way we see is that; she say was drunk and when he was he promised that he would kill Duncan. She tries to say that he doesn’t love her, but by what he says and dose he loves her â€Å"my dearest partner in life.† and then she trys to make out he’s a coward, because he doesn’t want to kill King Duncan. She says she would do it so why wouldn’t he, she try to say he letting her down if he doesn’t do it she tells him he’d be more attractive if he did it. She keeps saying if she’d made a promise she would have kept it. I conclude that lady Macbeth did influence him in some ways because she’s the one who finally made him do it but overall I think it was both of them as he thought of murder before he even saw her.

On Common Ground, the Power of Professional Learning Communities Essay

The learning system by which educators and students work in is plagued with sometimes tedious, repetitive and oftentimes illogical steps that learning is hampered more than it is encouraged. The book On Common Ground, the Power of Professional Learning Communities seeks to challenge the very core of the learning system that most of schools practice. The book has collated various examples of what it makes to be able to produce education that is considered â€Å"high-level†. (DuFour, 2005) This particular book requires that the different schools and individuals to challenge their preconceived notions and incorporate different types of practices that have been observed by the authors in different types of schools and universities. By far, this is one of the most provocative pieces of work regarding the level of education that is being offered to people right now. More than anything, the book spurs people, especially the educators to press on in improving themselves as well as improving the quality of education and the quality of students that leave the universities and different schools. More than anything, the book is a testament to how a collaborative effort beautifully crafts a sort of â€Å"manual† for improved student performance. (Dufour, 2005) If you are an educator, the different steps and assertions that the authors have discussed in the book are definitely worth losing sleep over as the strategies, lessons and improvements that the authors have agreed upon are all valid, and solid in their assumptions. Should there be any particular conclusion that can be drawn from this book, it is the fact that if teachers come together in a structured and orderly manner, this essentially contributes to the betterment of the student in the area of learning and professional drive. (Dufour, 2005) Ultimately, one should look into this in order to challenge the status quo and begin a new one marked by collaboration and unity in purpose.

Literature as a Medium Which Conveys the Culture of the Target Language Essay

The purpose of this paper is to familiarize foreign language instructors with the effectiveness of using literature as a mean of bridging the cultural gap between students and the target language. It will also discuss how teaching literature can help students become more effective communicators in the target language and at the same time making them appreciate other cultures different from their own. This may lead to say that, one of the major functions of teaching literature in a foreign language classroom is to serve as a medium to transmit the culture of the target language of the people who speak the language in which it is written. Therefore, literary texts can offer to the students a colorful world that reflects the culture of the language community. As readers; students get engaged within these texts, they come to understand how the characters in such literary works experience life and how they speak and behave in different settings. However , the study of literature can be considered as a method in which students can dive into the cultural experience of the language throughout the imagery and metaphors mentioned in a given text, as Gray points out: â€Å" Students learn to see a world through another’s eye,observing human values , different kind of living and discovering that others live very different societies. they will understand and become broadly aware of the social,political,historical,cultural events happening in a given society. . The role of literature in language teaching Literature, when defined as a subject of study, is an activity that involves and uses language (O’Sullivan, 1991). Ganakumaran et al (2003) stated that it is also referred to as the big â€Å"L† that focuses on the literariness of a text. It is an example of language in use and a context for language use. Literature is seen as a medium in which students’ appreciation of different system language organizat ion can be developed. Therfore, studying literature, on the whole, may not be considered as a reaction but rather as an interaction between the reader , the writer and their cultures. From an other parameter ,the teaching of literature in foreign language classrooms is essential and can be used as a perfect instrument to stimulate and speed up the teaching and learning process Carter and Long (1991). In other words, literature contributes in helping the students to explore knowledge ,promote their literacy development and fosters their language proficiency. Also, literature may provide effective, attitudinal and experiential factors which will motivate students to read McKay (1982). As a matter of fact, Obeidat (1997) said that literature has much to offer than language would normally do, since it has greater freedom and since it acknowledges no linguistic barriers which could refrain our ability to use language. Therefore, it is undeniable that literature helps to improve students’ command of language and the ability to use it freely, not solely as a linguistic, but as a cultural, intellectual, social and psychological medium of expression. In terms of using literature to teach language, Brumfit and Carter (1986) asserted that literary texts not only can grip the reader’s imagination more strongly but they can also be promoted for the examination of language at work. Littlewood (2005) also observed that although such texts were predominantly valuable for developing reading skills, it could be exploited for purposes such as explaining grammar teaching and indicating various types of language usage. Since literary texts contain language intended for native speakers, literature stands as a model for language learners to become familiar with different forms and conventions (Collie and Slater, 1991). Containing real examples of grammatical structures and vocabulary items, the literary texts raise learners’ awareness of the range of the target language and advance their competence in all language skills (Povey, 1967). Second, using literature in language teaching has the advantage of providing cultural information about the target language. Literary texts increase foreign language learners’ insight into the country and the people whose language is being learnt (Collie and Slater, 1991), which fosters learners’ ability to interpret discourse in different social and cultural target language contexts (Savvidou, 2004). . Literature as an instruments that stimulates the knowledge of the culture Teaching literature stimulates the imagination of the students and develops their critical abilities by getting them involved in interpreting the different symbols and meanings found in the text. They become more productive and adventurous when they perceive the richness and diversity of the language. Therefore, it is vital if educators create a harmonious literary atmosphere ,they may enable their students to immerse themselves in the story by turning the classroom into a cultural island where students interact with the text, share different viewpoints about the settings, the style, the language. Researchers have recognized that the benefits of using literature in three core areas: First , literature is beneficial to language development( John and Louis, 1987; Morgan, 1998; Myonghee, 2004;Sage,1987); second, literature enhances the knowledge of ulture and society which is too complicated to be captured by any single piece of expository writing; Third, literature fosters critical thinking by offering readers multiple perspectives especially in books with issues such as immigration, cultural differences, social upheavals (Edmondson 1995/6). John Lye (2003) believed that literature captures the complexities of the human situation, illustrating (dramatically, imaginatively, compellin gly) the grounds and the meanings of values, and the nuances of our experiences. It also allows us imaginatively to inhabit the lives, the experiences, the meanings of others. Lye(2003) added that literature challenges the sentimentalization of values, and those distortions of values which serve the ends of the powerful, the opportunistic, and those who want only to serve their own desires ,from an other parameter, literature explores and reflects conflicts in the culture itself, conflicts in the values and ideas of the culture, the conflict of social groups (ethnic, racial, class, gender, religious and so forth), in addition to that ,it offers a sense of identity and community, by establishing and founding narratives which capture the ‘essence’ of what typifies the culture or community, or by dramatizing those particular stories and images which give the culture a sense of common meaning and purpose. 4.  Applying literature and culture in language teaching classroom When it comes to learning a new language there can be no substitute for actually living in a country where this language is spoken. Besides, teaching literature does not mean ,limit students to take a passive role but to stimulate students to be engaged proactively within the target language. However, foreign language teachers can provide literary texts best by turning their literature classes into a community where students can engage themselves actively with the culture and the language they are studying and where the emphasis in class could be on ‘cultural experience rather than cultural awareness. As Duff and Maley point out, â€Å"literature offers universal themes which are relevant to students’ own experience,it is also a mirror that reflects and heightens each learner’s perception of the social world. Thus, literary texts are opened to multiple interpretations and interactions†. Students cannot remain passive if they are to interpret and understand what they are reading. They are placed â€Å"in an active interactional role in working with and making sense of the target language guided by the teacher, they have to actively participate and interact with each other. Literature and culture in foreign language teaching can provide linguistic and artistic elements and perspectives to students.  Through literature as well as culture, students could have the opportunity to establish a connection with the target language and realize that their own personal, social,cultural and historical contexts have been influenced by a foreign language and a foreign culture and how, in a symbiotic process, this other culture has been nourished. Culture, on the other hand, offers an interdisciplinary field that includes artistic discourses, social conventions, and reflexive impacts. It opens the door for students to increase their knowledge of the target culture as they can contemplate and critically comment on people’s way of life, values, attitudes, and beliefs, and regard how these elements can have an impact in linguistic categories and forms. Indeed,language found a soulmate in literature, and they are inserted in culture.

Describing Arizona SB1070(2010) Base on Political Conservatives View Essay

Describing Arizona SB1070(2010) Base on Political Conservatives View - Essay Example Liberal Beliefs. n.d.). Based on many debatable facts, the conservatives hugely support SB 1070 and describe it as positive step towards the betterment of the sate. The Fountain Hills State Representative, John Kavanagh is a strong advocate of Arizona SB 1070 and explains that the illegal immigrants are a significant problem. With considerable numbers of illegal immigrants within a population of 6 million in Arizona, we also look at the children eligible for availing government services (e.g. education). Since they were born here and are more deserving for these services, it becomes increasingly assuring that illegal immigrants should be driven out (Murphy 2012). Conservative Southern part of Tucson and Cochise County Representative, Ted Vogt has also described Arizona SB 1070 as being positive step since he believes reduced spending from the Government towards illegal immigrants is really important for the economy and the SB 1070 advocates this. Citing an official Government website, he had stated that the illegal immigration has costed to be around 900 million to 2 billion. The issue of illegal immigrants sweeping majority of the workforce also sparked some reservations which led to Arizona SB 1070 being supported. Russell Pearce’s support for SB 1070 is reflected when he stated that he believed that the illegal immigrants were reducing job opportunities for legal immigrants (Murphy 2012). The conservatives are also speaking in the favour of Arizona SB 1070 because; they believe that the crime is more rampant amongst the illegal immigrants. Representative Kavanagh made substantial claims using ‘Center for Immigration Studies report’ that, 8.9% of the population constitutes of illegal immigrants and are held responsible for 21.8% of the crime taking place in Maricopa city. Based on his experience doing an internship at US attorney

Operations and Quality Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operations and Quality Management - Assignment Example Visibility: It is perhaps not very necessary for the kitchen and preparation areas of the restaurant to be highly visible to the customers. Medium visibility would be an ideal option in this case. However, since the entire kitchen is "on display" to the customers, there is a high degree of visibility. Variation: There will be a fairly high variation in demand for the dishes at the restaurant. Thus, Yo! Sushi will have to establish corresponding operations to match the variations in demand. There should be a constant check on the demand and other factors should be adjusted accordingly. Yo! Sushi's operations signify that is has a "service shop" process type for the food production based on customer demand. Keeping into view the 4V Profile of the restaurant, this process type complements the profile more than contradicting it. The only setback is that there are a moderate number of transactions and thus the applicability of the service shop process type would be slightly off the mark. However, the other characteristics conform to the 4V profile and complement it. The combination of a cell layout, product and functional layout strategy at Yo! Sushi's makes it very efficient and resilient for change. It is quite optimized and there are few, if any, chances for a change that would make it more effective. For one, the cell layout strategy means that there are tables categorized into cells for each group of 4-6 people that the conveyor belt also caters to. Secondly the product-layout strategy is due to the fact that there is a conveyor belt mounted to the central zone of the restaurant running across it catering to the customers. There is a combination of an assembly line and a fixed-cell layout buffering concept in the kitchen and dining areas making the design suitable for flexible operations. The functional layout is overlapping the cell and product layouts and thus the existing layout of Yo! Sushi is quite comprehensively designed and is in no need of change for the better. The existing technology to process menus and automated handling of demand is a first-class example of how the layout is effective and that there are no changes needed at the moment. The job design is greatly affected by the 4V profile and the aspects of the layout implemented at Yo! Sushi. The fact that there is a great deal of emphasis on quality and flexibility, there is a corresponding effect on the job design: the menu attendants are expected to be flexible and carry out tasks beyond a specific well-defined horizon. They are expected to be aware of the processes in and out of the kitchen in order to make up for any absentees or to complement the short-comings of a particular process or person. The health and safety implications also